さらに、非移民ステータスの有効期限が切れた後も、永住権保持者へのステータス変更申請が審査中で米国に留まる者については、法律上、不法滞在の累積がない場合でも、実質的に不法滞在状態にあるとみなされます。ただし、検察の裁量に基づき、DHSは、当該申請が不法滞在の累積を事実上停止するものである場合、当該申請の最終的な審査が完了するまで、当該個人に国内に留まる事を許可することができます。この場合、外国人の滞在が「許可された」と解釈される場合があります。しかしながら、不法滞在の累積がないからといって、必ずしも移民法上、外国人の滞在が合法であるとは限りません。詳しくは、審査官用マニュアル(Adjudicators Field Manual)第40.9.2項『過去の不法滞在による入国不許可』」およびAILA文書番号25080804(2025年8月8日掲載)を参照ください。
(2)富裕層優遇に対する社会的・倫理的批判 永住権を単に金銭の支払いと引き換えに提供することは、富裕層の投資家を優遇し、移民制度内で大きな格差を生むことになります。このような制度は、家族呼び寄せや就労ベース、難民、抽選永住権 (Diversity Visa Lottery)プログラムといった他のビザカテゴリーを疎外する可能性があり、米国移民政策に根付く多様性と平等の基本原則に反することになります。
2022年、米国議会はEB-5 Reform and Integrity Act (EB-5改革・完全性法)により、EB-5プログラムを2027年9月30日まで延長しました。したがって、大統領は新しい移民法を提案することはできても、制定することができないため、プログラムの修正や終了には議会での措置が必要になります。さらに、移民国籍法の改正には議会の承認が必要です。大統領は、米国市民権・移民局や米国税関・国境警備局など、さまざまな機関を通じて移民法を施行する任務を負っています。EB-5プログラムの廃止が試みられた場合、そのような行為に異議を唱えるため、即座に司法介入が行われる可能性があります。
Summary of President Trump’s Announcement on EB-5 Program
On February 25, 2025, President Trump declared his intention to terminate the U.S. EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program, a pathway that allows foreign investors to gain permanent residency by investing in U.S. businesses that generate at least 10 jobs per investor. The program currently mandates an investment of $1,050,000, which can be reduced to $800,000 under specific conditions such as investments in high unemployment areas, rural locations, or government infrastructure projects. Investors, along with their dependents, can obtain U.S. citizenship after a five-year period of permanent residency.
Proposed Changes: Introduction of “Gold Card” Program
In the announcement, Trump proposed a new “Gold Card” program in place of the EB-5 visa, which would require a substantially higher investment of $5 million. This program would purportedly offer enhanced benefits, including a citizenship pathway, similar to what the EB-5 program provides. However, details on the new program are limited, with a commitment from the president to share a more comprehensive plan within two weeks. The primary goal, as stated, is to attract affluent individuals to the U.S. to stimulate business creation and contribute to diminishing the national deficit.
Legal Limitations of Presidential Authority
It’s important to note that President Trump does not possess the legal authority to unilaterally abolish an act of Congress, including the Immigration and Nationality Act, which governs immigration policy. This authority rests with Congress, as mandated by Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18 of the Constitution, granting lawmakers the power to establish immigration laws. The Supreme Court has recognized Congress’s “plenary” power over immigration, indicating that legislative authority in this field is largely exclusive.
In 2022, Congress extended the EB-5 program through September 30, 2027, via the EB-5 Reform and Integrity Act. Thus, any modification or termination of the program would require Congressional action, as the president can only propose new immigration laws, not enact them. Furthermore, amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act would necessitate Congressional approval. The president is tasked with enforcing immigration laws through various agencies, including U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services and U.S. Customs and Border Protection. If a move is made to dissolve the EB-5 program, it could prompt immediate judicial intervention to contest such an action.